glp 1 agonists contraindications Incretins: How we got here, where we're at and what is coming next GLP-1 Receptor Agonists as Treatments

Although it has a minor effect on gastric emptying time, the most common side effects are nausea and vomiting

Additionally, GLP-1R signaling significantly influences vascular health, HPA axis regulation, and the generation of new neurons, all of which have a notable impact on aging

Recent studies in rat models have shown that GLP-1 receptor agonists decreased the CSF production and the intracranial pressure in rats [12]

391 GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogs exert their effects on food intake and body weight through a myriad of neural substrates, encompassing several hypothalamic nuclei (including the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, periventricular hypothalamus, and lateral hypothalamic area), hindbrain nuclei (such as the parabrachial nucleus and medial nucleus tractus solitarius), the ventral subregion of the hippocampus (vHP), and nuclei embedded within the mesolimbic reward circuitry (including the ventral tegmental area, VTA, and nucleus accumbens, NAc)

Based on these reports, the impairment of synaptic function and synaptic transmission and the loss of synaptic density proteins are widely observed in the depressive brain ( Figure 2 )

The expression of pre-proglucagon gene and GLP-1 has been detected in the human brainstem and hypothalamus (140)