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Intravenous nicotine self-administration is considered the most reliable and robust method to study nicotine dependence, craving, and withdrawal (68)

Hatsukami Journal: Nature Reviews Cancer Journal ranking: Q1 Key takeaways: Smokeless tobacco and cigarette smoking contribute to cancer by exposing users to multiple carcinogens, and monitoring their exposure can help identify high-risk individuals for effective cancer prevention interventions

E-cigarettes do carry risks, and the long-term health effects of the chemicals in the products are not well understood because vapes are relatively new

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This will improve our ability to synthesize this data in a table or figure

Counotte DS, Spijker S, Van de Burgwal LH, et al