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Declarations Compliance with ethical standards: We declare that there are no potential conflicts of interest Research did not involve human participants and/or animals

Cereals, non-dairy milk, and nutritional yeast may be fortified with vitamin B12, but make sure you fully read the nutrition labels before relying on these sources for B12

Conclusion: The neurometabolic alterations observed in the insular cortex of Crohns disease patients suggest increased insular activity, which may enhance interoceptive awareness and pain sensitivity, potentially contributing to heightened pain catastrophizing

Additionally, borneol, a natural monoterpene, has been investigated for its ability to transiently increase BBB permeability, thereby improving the brain bioavailability of co-administered neuroprotective agents

PLoS ONE 18 , e0281954 (2023)

The individual PEM threshold may reflect a variable reactivity of the neuroglial cells involved, i.e., their degree of priming and pre-existing impairment of their key physiological functions