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Paradoxically, excessive ROS accumulation can overwhelm antioxidant defenses, triggering oxidative stress-induced programmed cell death (PCD) mechanisms, including apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis

Transfection of complementary DNAs for the heavy and light subunits of human -glutamylcysteine synthetase results in an elevation of intracellular glutathione and resistance to melphalan

However, individual supplementation of FA did not show positive effects in this study

To increase glutathione biosynthesis through enhancement of the l-Ser biosynthetic pathway, recombinant GCI strains overexpressing each gene ( SER2, SER1, SER3 , and SER33 ) and simultaneously overexpressing strains ( SER3 / SER33 and SER2 / SER1 / SER3 / SER33 ) were constructed, as well as a vector control GCI strain (Table 2)

This variability may stem from the complex feedback networks involving ROS-mediated redox and phosphorylation modifications (Su et al., 2019

Increasing the folate content of foods is also a viable approach