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Nat Rev Genet (2013) 14(2):10012

By the end, youll have a clear, evidence-backed framework for deciding which compound best matches your goals, training phase, and competitive status

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Low IGF-1 may suggest: Growth hormone deficiency Chronic inflammation or illness Poor nutrition or malabsorption Low protein intake Chronic stress or elevated cortisol Liver disease High IGF-1 may suggest: Excess growth hormone (acromegaly) High protein/calorie intake Insulin resistance or high insulin levels Certain cancers or tumor risk (if sustained at high levels) Use of growth hormone therapy or certain peptides Optimal IGF-1 Levels While labs provide wide reference ranges, optimal levels are more specific when considering health, longevity, and performance goals

Ethics declarations Competing interests SJW is the founder of Ridgeline Therapeutics, HN is a paid employee of Ridgeline Therapeutics and, since manuscript submission, ADW has also become a paid employee of Ridgeline Therapeutics

Nails grow faster and may feel stronger, a secondary indicator of systemic collagen metabolism improvement