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In an animal study, LIF knock-out mice showed decreased astrocyte and microglial cell activities compared to wild type mice.54 Various insults to the CNS may induce over-expression of LIF, which may lead to neurobehavioral abnormalities similar to schizophrenia.56 Additionally, LIF gene polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia and working memory deficit.57 Another cytokine, TNF-, has an important role in neuronal activity in the CNS.5859 TNF- is usually maintained at low level under normal physiological conditions.60 However, when the microenvironment in the CNS is altered by injuries such as physical head trauma, infection, and ischemic attack, TNF- is activated by glial cells.6162 Interestingly, TNF- has a pivotal role in mediating neurogenesis via its receptors, tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-1 and TNFR-2

doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02654.x

Nature 551 , 333339 (2017)

Either 1 PBS (Life Technologies) for mock treatment or 4% PFA (Sigma-Aldrich) diluted in 1 PBS was added to each flask for a final concentration of 1% (vol/vol)

275,278 In addition, AMPK can promote SIRT1 activity via NAMPT activation

After correction for multiple testing, coumarin remained the most robustly altered metabolite, indicating a modest but statistically supported response to dietary intervention