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MRS and MRSI resulted to be a fundamental in vivo neuroimaging technique, able to select target therapies and to predict and assess tumour response through qualitative and quantitative analyses of the brain metabolites

These microbial-derived molecules act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), activating pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on peripheral immune cells and brain-resident microglia

The superoxide radical is dismutated to hydrogen peroxide by SOD and then to water and oxygen by catalase or glutathione peroxidase

Cell clustering was performed using the Louvain method with a resolution of 0.3

doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.09.004

In states of insulin resistance, all or only some of these pathways may be altered, with the exact combination leading to differing clinical presentations