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Pimonidazole hydrochloride (60 mg/kg) was diluted in sterile PBS and injected IP 10 min after completion of the IOP increase

Topical Creams and Serums While topical products can provide some brightening effects, they may not penetrate as deeply as glutathione injections or IV therapy

doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113487 118

Opioid use affects antioxidant activity and purine metabolism

Rough estimations point to around 500,000 IMD cases worldwide, causing around 50,000 deaths each year (World Health Organization, 2025)

This limitation highlights the critical importance of early intervention during the reversible disease phase