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Ethics declarations Conflict of Interest Diego Maria Michele Fornasari received fees as congress speaker or consultant from the following pharmaceutical companies: Angelini, Abiogen, Alfasigma (the manufacturer of acetyl-l-carnitine), Chiesi, Istituto Gentili, Grunentahl, Molteni, Sandoz, SPA, Viatris, Zambon

Curr Protoc Toxico l Chapter 8, Unit8 3 (2001)

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The answer comes down to study design, not magic

The protective effect of UA in parkinsonian model systems is also found to be dependent on Glut9-mediated transport, which is upregulated by UA in dopaminergic neurons in vitro 38

183 This hypothesis is supported by the lower activity on NOX4 and NOX5, whose activation is independent of this subunit, although it suggests a more complex mode of action