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& Engdahl, R
Tryptophan serves as a critical amino acid in this context, being primarily metabolized through the kynurenine pathway during inflammatory responses due to the activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) 51,52
The role of mitochondrial DNA mutations and free radicals in disease and ageing
doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.10.004
(2) glutathione depletion disrupts redox balance
Superoxide radical can be generated by specialized enzymes, such as the xanthine or NADPH oxidases, or as a by-product of cellular metabolism, particularly the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and are converted to hydrogen peroxide by the superoxide dismutase (SOD)
