2013 parkinson's disease glutathione 4 authors Metabolic Parkinson Disease Signaling Pathways, Molecular

KPV blocks NF-kB activation, suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6

Deficiency: Below 200 pg/mL (148 pmol/L)

Chen M, Liu G, Fang Z, Gao W, Song Y, Lei L, et al

Our observation is also supported by the recently published metabolome atlas of the aging mouse brain (N = 10 ROIs, four age groups) that demonstrates region-specific variations in glutathione levels when investigating (a) single time-points, as well as (b) age-specific changes (Ding et al., 2021)

It's used in clinical practice as a compounded peptide prescribed by physicians for tissue support and skin health

Bioavailability tends to be low, and it doesnt sufficiently compensate for utilization variables nor ensure consistent availability